作者：何孝荣

机构：南开大学历史研究所

中文关键词：明代;;度僧;;度牒;;鬻牒

英文关键词：the Ming Dynasty, convert ordinary people to Buddhism,the identification cards of monks,sell the ID cards of monks.

中文摘要：明代建立了完密的度僧制度:禁止妇女出家,限定家庭出身以及本人身分,限定出家年龄,考试通经,限定全国僧人总数,度牒免费发放。明初多循制度僧;中期经常违制度僧,并大量鬻牒;后期主要鬻牒。明代度僧抑制了佛教势力,有利于生产发展、社会稳定及明王朝统治的巩固;有所限制的鬻牒,部分解决了军饷、赈济;大量度僧鬻牒,对生产发展、社会稳定起阻碍作用;私度盛行,买卖、伪造度牒成风,僧官借机营私舞弊;度僧对北京治安、物价也有很大影响。对佛教来说,明代度僧造就了庞大僧团,维系着佛教表面繁盛;促进了诸宗融合,促成了赴应僧队伍专业化和壮大,推动了佛教的世俗化进程;导致佛学进一步衰微。

英文摘要：The perfect system of converting ordinary persons to Buddhism was established during the Ming Dynasty,e.g.forbidding women to convert to Buddhism,confining the family origin and personal identity,confining the age of conversion,demanding every monks must pass examination and can recite Buddhist sutra,confining the total number of the monks of the whole country,and freely distributing the identification cards of monks.In the early Ming Dynasty,Buddhist temples often follow regulation to convert ordinary people to Buddhism,in the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the regulation was often destructed,and the identification cards of monks were sold in large number;during the late period,the main form of converting ordinary people to Buddhism was selling the identification cards of monks.Following the regulation to convert ordinary people to Buddhism suppressed the power of Buddhism,was profitable to the development of production,the stability of society and the strengthening of the regime of the Ming Dynasty;Selling the identification cards of monks with some restriction partially solved the problems of military expenditure and disaster relief;converting ordinary people to Buddhism and selling the identification cards exceedingly obstructed the development of production and destructed the stability of society;when this tendency prevailed,the system of converting ordinary people to Buddhism will be corrupted.In regard to Buddhism,this system produced a large Buddhist community,maintained the superficial prosperity of Buddhism,promoted the harmonious combination of various Buddhist sects and the process of Buddhist secularization,and led Buddhism into further decline.

[中文刊名]：世界宗教研究 [出版日期]：2004-03-15 [CN]：11-1299/B [ISSN]：1000-4289

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