作者：廉海萍;丁忠明;周祥;

机构：上海博物馆;

中文关键词：汉代;;铜范;;化学成分;;金属组织;;铸钱工艺

英文关键词：Han Dynasty;;Bronze-mold Chemical;;Composition;;Metal microstructure;;Casting for bronze coins

中文摘要：为了研究汉代铸钱铜范的性能与铸钱工艺,对汉代铸钱金属范的出土概况进行统计,可知:单直浇道阶梯浇注式是汉代铸钱金属范的主要铸型。金属范的尺寸随着时间推移有一个逐渐增大又逐渐减小的发展过程,发展的高峰期在西汉中晚期上林三官专铸五铢时期。西汉早期,金属范以2行钱币型腔为主;西汉中期,金属范以2行或4行钱币型腔为主;西汉中晚期和王莽时期,金属范发展到4行或6行钱模,以6行钱币型腔为主;东汉时期,金属范又转为以2行钱币型腔为主。在对汉代铸钱金属范的出土概况进行统计后,以上海博物馆收藏的铜范为基础,对部分汉代铜范进行了X射线荧光表面成分分析,在金相显微镜下进行了金属相结构分析,并通过扫描电镜能谱分析了金属范的基体成分。分析结果表明:1)西汉早-中期金属范的成分变化较大;西汉中期-东汉时期,五铢金属范中锡含量较低,在一定的范围内变化,但铅含量的变化范围较大;王莽时期,金属范的成分比较一致。高铅低锡青铜是汉代铸钱金属范所采用的一种主要成分。2)金属范的基体组织以α固溶体+Pb为主,使金属范具有较好的塑性和致密度。即使是反复地使用,组织中仍保留着铸态组织,表明金属范未受到长时间的高温加热。在金属范的铸钱过程中使用了表面涂层以减轻金属范的受热程度,达到保护金属范的目的。

英文摘要：More than one hundred bronze molds for casting bronze coins of Han dynasty(206B.C.-A.D.220) have been found in Shaanxi,Henan,Shandong,Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in China.The most important are the 41 pieces bronze molds for casting Wu Zhu coins unearthed from a kiln in Chencheng,Shaanxi province in 1979. The archaeologists dated them to the Western Han Dynasty between 118 B.C.and 113 B.C.A few bronze molds for casting coins before Qin Dynasty and after Han Dynasty were found in China.Bronze mold casting for bronze coins was an important casting technology in Han Dynasty.The development and properties of bronze molds were studied in this paper. These bronze molds of Han dynasty show that the main style is that with one sprue gate and symmetrically dis- tributing cavities on the both sides of the sprue gate one by one.The bronze-mold size gradually increased from the early Western Han until to the later Western Han and Xin Empire,then decreased.Most of bronze-molds had the two rows coin-cavities in the early Westem Han,two and four rows of coin-cavities in the middle Western Han,then four and six rows coin-cavities in the late Western Han and Xin Dynasty.The bronze molds casting for coin came down in the Eastern Han,when most molds had only two rows coin of cavities on the beth sprne gate's sides. The compositions of 21 bronze-molds were analyzed by XRF,their surfaces corrosion was not cleaned be- cause they are the valuable collection of Shanghai Museum.Consequently,the composition is qualitative,not quan- titative.In the copper,tin and lead content distribution diagram,the spots of tin and lead contents scattered in the early Western Han;the 14 molds had a lower tin content and higher lead content,more than 70 percent of lead content are up 20% from the middle Western Han to the Eastern Han;the spots of tin and lead contents concentrat- ed on a small area in the Xin.So most bronze molds had a lower tin content and a higher lead content in the Han Dynasty. Four samples were removed from the bronze-molds,one from early Western Han,two from late Western Han and one from Eastern Han.Polishing,not etching,the microstructure of samples shows the dendrite structure withαphase and lead,orαphase,(α+δ)eutectoid and lead under a metallurgical microscope.This kind of structure made the bronze mold with the higher plasticity and density.The molds still kept a dendrite structure after casting bronze coins by hundreds times.It proved these bronze molds kept from a high temperature for a long time.So a coating should be used on the cavity's surface to protect the bronze mold.

[中文刊名]：文物保护与考古科学 [出版日期]：2008-11-15 [CN]：31-1652/K [ISSN]：1005-1538

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