作者：徐文堪;

机构：上海汉语大词典编纂处;

中文关键词：汉藏语系;;欧亚大陆;;起源

英文关键词：Sino-Tibetan family of languages;;Eurasia Continent;;Origin

中文摘要：关于现代人的起源问题,主要的争论存在于多区域性模型和单源模型即源于非洲之间。起源于非洲的假说,在学术界占主导地位。我们也赞成非洲起源说。美国斯坦福大学的研究人员选择了来自世界上22个不同地区的1000多名男性,对他们的Y染色体进行分析,并排出基因变异的图谱,同时也对来自母系的遗传物质进行了排序。结果发现,不同人种有一位共同的非洲女性始祖,生活在14.3万年前,而人类的男性始祖则生活在5.9万年前。瑞典乌普萨拉大学的科学家则选取了53名来自不同地区、种族、文化的实验者,对他们的全部线粒体DNA进行研究比较,从中发现:约12至22万年前,生活在撒哈拉以南的人群是现代人类的共同祖先;大约在2至8万年前,大批人走出非洲迁徙到世界其他地区,取代了这些地区原有的人类。根据基因研究,东亚地区南方人群遗传多样性非常丰富,而北方人群则相对较少,在Y染色体单倍型上仅拥有南方人群的一部分。由此可以推测,现代人在东亚的最早迁徙是由南向北。我们的非洲祖先到达东亚的时间可能是6万年前。他们首先居住在东南亚一带,而后逐渐向北迁徙,跨过长江、黄河,北及西伯利亚。语言学家把南亚语、澳台语(包括南岛语、卡岱语)、苗瑶语归入南方大语系(Austric),我们以为是有道理的。但是,也有学者指出,中亚居民在东亚北部某些居民在遗传学上的类似性,说明中亚地区的资料在研究东亚民族(包括南方与北方)的起源问题上具有极端重要性,这在今后应引起充分注意和重视。在汉藏语系的起源和分类研究方面,一直存在较大的分歧。但总的来说,华北与中原的远古部落(很可能说一种原始汉藏语系的语言)与长江流域和南方的侗台语各族、南亚语言上有所反映。中国新疆等地区从远古到中世纪早期的人种状况是欧罗巴型人种占优势。古代印欧语系语言,主要是吐火罗语,稍后还有印度—伊朗语族诸语,与主要是蒙古利亚人种类型诸族所说的汉藏系语言也有联系。至于汉藏语和阿尔泰语系诸语之间,也不能排除在发生学上存在着一定亲缘关系的可能性。此外,俄国学者在20世纪80年代提出了"汉—高加索语系"的概念,把汉藏语、北高加索语和叶尼塞语包括在内。这个语系又可能与美洲印第安语的Na-Dene语系有关。美国学者最近更将巴斯克语、布鲁沙斯基语(Burushaski)、苏美尔语(Sumerian)等语言的材料加入进去,从而为汉语具有更远古的语源关系提供了更进一步的线索。这个与中国境内语言的系属分类有关的Dene—高加索大语系的推测,已经得到美国语言学家如葛林堡(J.Greenberg)的赞同,也给了我们很大的启发。因此,对汉藏语系的起源问题,应该从史前的全球语言联系特别是欧亚大陆的语言接触的角度重新审视。通过基因分析,结合群体遗传学调查和语言学、人类学、考古学的研究,我们将逐步弄清欧亚大陆说同一语系和不同语系语言的族群之间是否存在亲缘关系。这方面的探索还刚刚起步,但前景广阔,我们期望在新世纪里获得长足进展。

英文摘要：According to Prof.Rebecca L.Cann,for most of the 20th century,the fields of genetics,linguistics,and archaeology evolved in parallel,and only in the past 15 years has a substantial change,referred to as the "Emerging Synthesis"by archaeologist Colin Renfrew,been attempted.Archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence has suggested that the human population experienced an expansion in the last 100 000 years,spreading rapidly to its current worldwide area of occupation.In addition to the study of mitochondrial and autosomal DNA,attention has recendy focused on Y-chromosome variation.Now,we can speculate that human language originated perhaps as recendy as 50 000 or 60 000 years ago,with the emergence of our Most Recent Common Ancestors(MRCA).Humans leaving Africa for Eurasia may have taken a coastal route across Saudi Arabia,through Iraq and Iran,to Pakistan,along Indian coastlines,and then further across East Asia until they reached Southeast Asian island regions that were in various stages of sea level change.Today,these regions are settled by people speaking mainly the Pacific,Austric,and Eurasian language superfamilies,and account for most of the world's current population. It is now universally accepted that the Han dialects(Sinitic languages) are genetically related to the Tibeto-Burman languages,constituting the core of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.Beyond this relationship,however,there is little consensus.To begin with,there is the decades-old debate on the other two group Prof.Li Fang-kuei included with Sino-Tibetan:the Kam-Tai and the Miao-Yao.Rival theories place them in other language families.As for the more distant relatives,there are some hypotheses. According to the new view of Prof.S.Starostin,the Sino-Tibetan proto-language is a branch of the Dene-Caucasian phylum of Languages.It is said to include the Basque,the Burushaski,the Ket(a Yeniseian language),some of the languages of the Caucasus mountains,the Na-Dene languages of North America,and Sino-Tibetan.Proto-Chinese later came into contact with Austro-Asiatic and Austronesian languages,which resulted in Sino-Tibetan borrowings in Austric(Miao-Austro-Asiatic and Tai-Austronesian) and Austric borrowings in Chinese.Sino-Tibetan languages seem to have been spread through a much wide territory in Southeast Asia and South Asia.On the origins of Sino - Tibetan,further research will reconstruct proto - language,based on the data of Eurasian linguistics,archaeology and genetics. This interdisciplinary cooperation makes it possible to penetrate deeper than ever before into our remote past.

[中文刊名]：暨南史学 [出版日期]：2002-11-15 [CN]： [ISSN]：

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