作者：王承文;

机构： 中山大学历史系,

中文关键词：中古;;道教三清;;灵宝自然天文;;整合;;统一

英文关键词：Medieval Taoism; Three Pures of Taoism; Lingbao Spontaneous Celestial Text; integrity

中文摘要：道教的"三清"是指元始天尊、太上大道君和太上老君。这三位神灵都是中国道教中最主要的神灵。一千多年以来,供奉"三清"神灵的"三清殿"也是每一座正规道教宫观中最主要的建筑。然而,在道教史上,这三位神灵原来分别是中古时代不同道派或经系最主要的神灵。元始天尊是东晋末年灵宝经所创立的最高神,太上大道君是东晋中期上清经所创立的尊神,而太上老君则是东汉末年天师道所创立的最高神。文章认为,这些分属于不同道派的尊神之所以最终能构成一个完整并且影响极为深远的"三清"神灵体系,与东晋末年古灵宝经的"灵宝自然天文"的神学理论密切相关,而"三清"神灵在道教中的正式确立则在唐朝前期。文章还认为,道教"三清"的形成既代表了道教史上具有关键意义的神灵走向"体系化"和"秩序化"的趋势,也在相当程度上反映了中古道教从早期道派分立、神系与教义歧异冲突,到逐步走向整合与统一的历史过程。

英文摘要：Three Pures of Taoism are Heavenly Worthy of Primordial Beginning (yuanshi tianzun), Supreme Sovereign of the Great Dao (taishang dadaojun), Most High Lord Lao (taishang laojun). The three gods are the most important gods of Taoism. The Hall of Three Pures enshrining these three gods has been the most important building in each formal Taoist temple for over one thousand years. However, in the history of Taoism, the three gods were respectively the most primary deities in the different Taoist sects or the different scripture systems from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty. Heavenly Worthy of Primordial Beginning is the highest god created by the Lingbao scriptures in the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; Supreme Sovereign of the Great Dao is the most honored god in the Shangqing scriptures in the middle of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; and Most High Lord Lao is the highest god of the Celestial Master during the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. This paper points out the fact that these honored gods belonging to different Taoist sects could finally form the whole and influential god system of Three Pures closely connected with the theological theory "Lingbao Spontaneous Celestial Text" of the ancient Lingbao scriptures in the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. And the Three Pures were established formally in the Taoism during the early Tang Dynasty. It puts forward that the formation of Three Pures not only represents the systematized trend of the pivotal gods in the Taoist history, but also embodies the historical progress that the medieval Taoism develops from the schism of the early Taoism and the conflicts of the god systems and the doctrines to the integrity and unification to a certain extent.

[中文刊名]：中山大学学报(社会科学版) [出版日期]：2008-03-15 [CN]：44-1158/C [ISSN]：1000-9639

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