作者：赖鹏举;

机构：台湾佛教图像学研究中心 台湾台北237

中文关键词：西北印;;龙族;;龙树;;大龙菩萨;;龙宫;;男龙;;女龙;;子龙

英文关键词：

中文摘要：根据佛教文献的记载,二千五百年前佛在世时有一种动物谓之“龙”,其形介于人与兽之间,有近于人之五官手足、家庭与社会组织,且可与人通婚、生子。龙族的分布主要在西北印——现巴基斯坦的地区。因龙长寿,故佛世之经典,尤其是大乘经典皆寄托龙族,藏于其王之宫中而得以留传后世。依5世纪初罗什所传出的史料,佛教史上最重要的大乘学者龙树最初接触大乘经典即是透过龙族的一位大乘佛教徒谓之“大龙菩萨”,所见经典即藏于龙王宫中。故“龙族”的存在已否直接涉及了大乘佛教起源的人物与经典。笔者1995年至巴基斯坦作佛教学术考察时,有幸在其北部地区收集到三件完整的龙族泥塑造像,一件为男龙,两件为龙夫妻。男龙五官四肢与先前文献所述相近,惟一张大嘴是其特色。另由二件夫妻之龙族,则可见其家庭之组织与人相近。三件造像皆有两足,可见龙族主要活动的领域皆在陆地,而非想像的水中。笔者另在巴基斯坦北部的Swat博物馆看到一件纪元前后佛教藏经卷的陶瓶破片,其上彩绘供养人的造型就是一位龙族。由上述四件巴基斯坦史前龙族的造像,可知佛教文献所记载佛世的龙族并非仅止于传说。且佛教史研究上所存在最大的一个问题,即大乘佛教起源的探讨也可得到一个适当的切入点。

英文摘要：According to the Buddhist writing records, 2500 years ago when the Buddha alive, there was living a sort of animal named Dragon. Dragon was described as a type of creature of a half-men and a half-animal bearing assimilate to human being's face and hands and feet, and have family life and society structure. Dragon could marry to human being and have they own offspring. The clan of Dragon were mainly scattered over an area of the north-west India, now known as at Pakistan nowadays. Because dragon were believed to be a type of longevity animal so that all of the Buddhist sacred scriptures, especially Mahāyāna-Sūtra had been placed in the clan of dragon's custody to make sure of its safety and can be handed to next generations. According to authentic historic record that were compiled by Kumārajīva, Nagarjuna, the most important Mahāyāna scholar, had his first chance to get touch with Mahāyāna-Sūtra via one of the Mahāyāna disciple out of the clan of dragon, namely "Bodhisattva of A Big Dragon" , and what he had read all out of the dragon palace. So, the fact that whether the clan of dragon exist or not had direct connection with the important Mahāyāna scholar and the true exist Mahāyāna classics texts. Fortunately, the author had collected three wholesome of clay sculpture of the clan of dragon while the author making a academic visit to the northern part of Pakistan in 1995. Author had found another fragment of pottery unearthed from the northern part of Pakistan which belongs to part of the pottery holder of Buddhist scripture that was dating around the first century in the collection of The Swat Museum. By study of above mentioned 4 pieces of articles, author believes that the clan of dragon which must not only legendary tale.

[中文刊名]：敦煌研究 [出版日期]：2006-10-30 [CN]：62-1007/K [ISSN]：1000-4106

下载全文 下载CAJ阅读器