作者：孙毅华;

机构：敦煌研究院保护研究所;

中文关键词：敦煌石窟;;壁画;;西域;;城的等级;;城的演变

英文关键词：Dunhuang grottoes;wall painting;western countries;hierarchy of city;evolution of city

中文摘要：敦煌由于其特殊的地理位置,早在汉代既成为一座重要的边城,并修筑了完备的城池。敦煌石窟的开凿起于十六国前秦时期,以后从没间断的经过了十个朝代的延续开凿,直到元末。明代由于闭关嘉峪关,敦煌随被吐鲁番回教占领,石窟也遭受破坏。因此大多专家认定敦煌石窟艺术的范畴应从公元366年到公元1402年,历经一千多年。在一千多年的敦煌石窟艺术壁画中从始至终都有城的形象,在城的类型上种类繁多,几乎囊括了当时社会生活中所有的城市类型。由于敦煌地处边塞,在城市类型上还反映了与之接壤的西域城市形象。壁画中城防建设与设施也是最完善的,有高大壮观的城门楼、突出的马面(既敌楼)与角楼、蹬城的慢道等,同时在城市的建筑规模及城门前的布置中还能看到城市的等级制度。在城的建筑与装饰上既符合就地取材的要求,也顺应当时的建筑潮流。利用各种花砖将城墙、城门等装饰起来,显现出隋唐城市的繁华富丽,还有城市建设的发展与演变,都在敦煌壁画中得以体现。敦煌壁画中的建筑画是研究中国古代建筑史不可或缺的形象资料库。

英文摘要：Dunhuang was an important frontier city and it became a self-contained city as early as Han dynasty for its specific geographic location.The carving of Dunhuang Grottoes which were started from Former Qin of Sixteen Kingdoms and last ten dynasties without any discontinuities till the end of the Yuan Dynasty.In Ming dynasty,Dunhuang was occupied by Islam and the caves were destroyed because of the closing of Jiayuguan.Consequently,most of experts affirm that the art of Dunhuang Grottoes cataloged from AD 366 to AD 1402 throughout 1,000 years.The images of city appeared in Dunhuang Grottoes art from beginning to end.There are a great variety of types of cities which nearly include all types of cities in social life.Because Dunhuang is located in frontier fortress,the types of cities also reflect the city image of western countries.Construction and equipment of the defense of city in wall painting are complete,besides,hierarchy of city also can be found from the dimensions of city and arrangement in the front gate.Construction and decoration of cities not only adapt to requirements of drawing on local resources but also go with the trend of their eras.Decorating walls and gates with tiling to highlight the magnificence of city and development and evolution of city construction also can be found in the DunHuang frescoes.Architectural paintings in the DunHuang frescoes are indispensable visual database to study the history of ancient Chinese architecture.

[中文刊名]：南方建筑 [出版日期]：2010-12-31 [CN]：44-1263/TU [ISSN]：1000-0232

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