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作者:郑丽萍
出版单位:河北大学
中文关键词:宋朝;;宣抚使;;地方军政;;中央集权;;行政制度
英文关键词:Song Dynasty ;; Xuan Fushi ;; Local Military;; Centralization;; administration
中文摘要:宣抚使又称宣抚、宣使、宣相、宣威等,是宋朝统辖各大战区军政事务的重要使职官员,堪称宋代地方上影响力最大的官员。宋朝力主抗金的著名政治家、宰相李纲就曾讲:“祖宗以来,所置使名莫重于宣抚,多以现任执政官充之”。宣抚使制度在北宋前期就己设立,其后时置时废,前后延续了数百年。两宋之后,元、明、清诸代,仍设立此官职,宣抚使职能的重要性和影响力,从中可见一斑。唐朝设立的宣抚使最初为朝廷临时派遣到地方主持赈灾、安抚边民的官员,职衔不高,权势不重,使命完结即回朝复命。北宋前期,宣抚使基本沿袭唐代的旧制,仍为朝廷派遣到地方安抚民众、赈灾、抚绥边境的使臣。这一时期,朝廷爱惜名器,任命宣抚使巡抚地方者甚少。北宋中期以后,随着与西夏长期而激烈的战争,同时还面临着来自于内部农民频繁变乱的压力。在内忧外患的局势下,宣抚使的职能和角色也发生了显著的变化,由以安抚为主要职责的临时朝廷遣使,开始演变为指挥地方军事作战与平乱的军政长官。北宋后期,随着战争形势的严峻,及内部农民起义的爆发,宣抚使设置更为频繁,辖区日渐扩大,出任宣抚使者官资进一步降低,并出现了由宦官担任宣抚使的事例。南宋时期,随着与金、元长期激烈的战争,宣抚使设置更为稳定,逐渐形成川陕、京湖、江淮宣抚使三大防御区域,选任资格也进一步放低,军事、财政权力进一步扩大。南宋后期,随着宋蒙元战事的吃紧,亦有重臣兼两大区宣抚使者之例,设置也更为频繁。而三大宣抚使所管辖的具体区划在不同历史时期也在不断变动之中。宣抚使的副贰主要包括宣抚副使及宣抚判官。实际上北宋时,宣抚副使只是副长官,并不单独设置,判官则是重要属官。宣抚副使作为正使之副,协助正使工作。南宋时期宣抚使多为文臣担任,副使多以武将为之。宣抚判官辅佐宣抚使或宣抚副使治本司事,一般以知州以上资序人充。宣抚使有权辟置宣抚判官。南宋时期,宣抚司置判官一到二员。宣抚判官与宣抚副使“礼抗权均”,并负有监视宣抚司军队的使命。宣抚使幕府属官众多,主要包括承受文字官、参谋官、参议官、勾当公事(干办公事)、主管机宜文字等。宣抚使幕僚并非固定编制,各种属官在宣抚司中并不全都设置。宣抚使属官来源复杂,有以路级官员充任的,有以路级官司属官担任的,有幕职州县官担当的,亦有中央官员临时委任的。由于宣抚使司幕僚多由长官辟举,从而形成事实上的举主与门生的关系,因此宣抚使与幕僚一般有着较为亲密的关系,成为整个宣抚司机构正常运转的重要动力。作为唐宋政治军事变革的产物之一,宣抚使角色的转型正是从职能的变化开始的,军事、治安等职能的增强,是宋朝宣抚使职能的最大特点。这两方面为其主要职能。具体包括组织并参与对周边民族政权的战争、组织军队招募、军队校阅、严明赏罚、体恤军兵、维持军队秩序、调发与管理粮草、武器、战马等军需资料、点检、修筑城池、组织防御、布置战略、平息兵变、叛乱及农民起义、组织并参与对境内少数民族作战等。人事管理也是宣抚使职能的一个重要方面,它不仅能够奏辟、举荐官员,而且对辖区内官员有权进行督察和奖惩。而在四川等特殊地区,宣抚使可以主持科举考试和负责官员的磨勘迁转,决定他们的去留。此外,宣抚使仍保留了最初职能,在地方赈灾、开垦农田、招纳流亡户口、兴修水利等民政领域也保持了重要的参与权力。而宣抚使对地方财权的控制和侵夺,更进一步增强了军政实力,成为地方的实际领导者。宣抚使甚至可以印制钱引、发行度牒,行使一部份中央的财政权力。为保障军队供应、满足自己私欲、讨好中央君主,多层面的原因导致了宣抚使财权的日益增强。此外,宣抚使在外交、文教、地方宗室事务中也发挥了一定作用,体现职能的多样性。宋朝宣抚使作为地方上最重要的使职官员,与各级政府、官员形成了复杂多变的关系。从北宋中期起,宣抚使就取得了一定的便宜行事之权,有权辟置僚属、罢免官吏。至南宋,由于对金作战的需要使宣抚使便宜黜陟之权更是有了较大发展。由于宋朝的国策极力防范地方官员集军政财等大权与一身,以防止出现地方权力的膨胀和割据现象,从而使宣抚使与君主及中央各机构产生矛盾是不可避免的。而面对金朝、蒙元的屡屡南侵,宋廷不得不给予宣抚使相当大的权力以保证对金作战的需要。权力的收放成为中央与宣抚使之间争夺的焦点。中央采取了多种手段限制和笼络大权在握的宣抚使。地方上跨路级机构与宣抚使也形成了不同类型的关系,宣抚使司受级别更高的都督府节制。由于宣抚使、制置使职能相近,宣、制司长官之间存在一定矛盾。但一般情况下,宣抚使地位高于制置使,对制置使拥有节制之权。经略使、招讨使、招抚使、镇抚使等,地位皆低于宣抚使,受宣抚使节制。总领所作为地方上理财机构,宣抚使对财权的争夺使两司共同措办辖内经济事务中二司矛盾重重。地方上路、州、县各级机构、官员均听命宣抚使指挥,并可受征辟入幕府参办军政事务。宋代宣抚使制度在长期发展中,形成了设置日益频繁,军政、财政等职权日益扩大,任职者官资趋于下降、辖区固定化、属官增多,文臣为正、武臣为副等特点,一度还出现了以宦官和降将为宣抚使的情况。宋朝宣抚使制度的历史作用是多方面的,突出地表现在军事领域,宣抚使在北宋时期即成为抗击西夏与辽军,指挥前线军队作战的重要地方统帅。南宋时期,川陕、京湖、江淮宣抚使所领导的军队是南宋抗金作战的主力,维持了半壁河山,一度在对金作战中还占据了优势地位。即使在南宋后期,宣抚使军队的抗击,也有效地阻止了蒙元军队的进攻长达四十余年。而宣抚使对辖区民众的安抚、赈济、治安维护有效地减轻了人民的疾苦,对社会稳定具有积极意义。其所拥有的人事任免权、科举选士权,为宋代政府招揽了一批有为官僚和人才。当然,不可否认,宋朝宣抚使制度发展中也存在任用非人、监管不力的情况,如童贯之所为祸国殃民,吴曦叛国导致了四川门户大开,开禧北伐的失败。但这些问题并不会影响宋朝宣抚使制度整体评价,它作为宋朝一项重要的地方政治制度,对后世产生了巨大的历史影响,得到元、明、清诸王朝的继承和认可。
英文摘要:Xuan Fushi, also called Xuan Fu, Xuan Shi, Xuan Xiang, Xuan Wei, is major official in Song Dynasty who charges military affairs in war zone and has the top power in local areas.Famous politician and prime minister in feudal China Li Gang once said, "From the forefather, Xuan Fu was the most important position which can be held by current archon." Xuan Fushi system had been framed in prime period of Northern Song Dynasty, being used or abandoned for several hundred years. After Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty also set up this position. From these, it can been seen the importance of the Xuan Fushi.In Tang Dynasty, Xuan Fushi who has minor power,was sent to local areas to make disaster relief and pacify residents. After the mission Xuan Fushi would go back to the center authority. In the prime period of Northern Song Dynasty, appointment of Xuan Fushi followed the Tang Dynasty. In the middle of Song Dynasty, as the long-time war with XiXia and the peasant uprisings pressure, the functions of Xuan Fushi were changed from temporary official for pacifying to military official for command operations. In the late period of Northern Song Dynasty. followed the severe war situation and peasant uprisings, Xuan Fushi system advanced frequently and its'Jurisdiction broadened. The position of the officials who hold a post of Xuan Fushi appears lower and lower, even some eunuch held this position. In the Southern Song Dynasty, as the long-term war with Jin, Yuan, Xuan Fushi system became much more stable. And it appeared Chuan-Shan, Jing-hu, Jiang-Huai defense regions. The qualification became far lower, Xuan Fushi's power in military and finance broadened. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, as the upgrade of the war among Song, Meng, Yuan, and the important minister as, Xuan Fushi as the example, the installation of Xuan Fushi was frequent. What's more, the three major areas dominated by Xuan Fushi changed in different history period.Vice-officials in Xuan Fushi includes Xuan Fu Fushi and Xuanfu Panguan. Actually in Northern Song Dynasty, Xuanfu Fushi was set separately. Pan Guan is high-ranking officials. Xuanfu Fushi helps Xuan Fushi deal with some affairs. In Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Chen was assigned as Xuan Fushi, Wu Chen was assigned as Vice-Xuan Fushi. Xuanfu Panguan helps Xuan Fushi and Vice-Xuan Fushi deal with government affairs, to which at least Zhi Zhou was assigned. Xuan Fushi have the right of the appointment and removal of Xuanfu Panguan. In Northern Song Dynasty, there are one or two officials as Xuanfu Panguan. Vice-Xuan Fushi and Xuanfu Panguan have the similar power who keep watch over the army. In Xuan fushi government, there are many officials including Wenzi officials, Canmou officials, Canyi officials etc. who are not registered. The officials in Xuan fushi government get from various fields. Some are from Lu-level, some from Zhou, some from the center government. As Xuan Fushi have the right of recommend, the officials in Xuan fushi government subordinate to Xuan fushi. The intimate relationship of them is the power to run the Xuan Fushi government.As the result of the politics and military of the Tang and Song Dynasty, the change of Xuan Fushi system started from its' function. The conspicuous feature in Song Dynasty is the strengthen of military and public safety. It includes war command with the surrounding areas, recruitment, reviewing the military, logistics, building the fortification, repression rebel and peasant uprisings and so on. Personnel Management is another important functions of Xuan Fushi. They can recommend and use talented person and award the officials in the local areas. In special areas, like Sichuan, Xuan Fushi can manage civil service exam test and the officials take-off and landing. Except those, they have the fundamental functions:disaster relief, reclaimed farmland, irrigation. In order to guarantee the supply of the military, satisfy their own desire, please the emperor and other reasons, they have more power in finance, who can print the bank. As the power in finance, Xuan Fushi consolidate their military strength and become the actual leader. Besides, Xuan Fushi have the power in foreign affairs, civilization and religion. All reflect its function variety.As the most important position in local areas in Song Dynasty, Xuan Fushi have complex relationship with government and officials in all levels. From the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Xuan Fushi has privilege in official take-off and landing. In Southern Song Dynasty, Xuan Fushi system developed rapidly because of the war with Jin. It is inevitable that Xuan Fushi have contradiction with the center government who restraint the power expansion and separatism. Whereas, faced with invasion of Jin, Meng, Yuan, the center government have to give the Xuan Fushi Enough power to fight with them. The focus between the center government and Xuan Fushi is the increase and decrease of the power. The central government adopted various methods to restrict the power of Xuan Fushi. Road-level inter-agency has different relation with Xuan Fushi which was dominated by Du Du Fu. As the position of Xuan Fushi and Zhi Zhishi is similar, they have contradiction inevitably. Under normal circumstances, Xuan Fushi are superior than Zhi Zhishi and govern them. Except Zhi Zhishi, Xuan Fushi also dominated Jing Lvshi, Zhao Taoshi, Zhao Fushi, Zhen Fushi and so on. Zong Lingsuo as the financial government in the local area, they have more contradiction with Xuan Fushi. The officials in Lu, Zhou, County, all take orders from Xuan Fushi.As the development of the Xuan Fushi system, it has the following features:broadered power in military and finance, lower qualification, fixed area, more dominated officials,Wen minister as the major official, Wu minister as the minor official. Even some even some eunuch held this position.The history function of Xuan Fushi system in Song Dynasty reflects in various field, especially in military. In Northern Song Dynasty, they have been the command leader to fight with Xi Xia and Liao. In Southern Song Dynasty, the army lead by the three major Xuan Fushi were the main power to preserve the half of the territory. Even in the late period of the Southern Song Dynasty, Xuan Fushi's army hold down the Yuan's army for forties years. And their relief, safety guard lighten the residents'suffering and have significant influence on the society. The appointment and removal of the right, Civil service exam got some talented persons for the Song government. It is undeniable that the system has some defects. For instance, Tong Guanzhong, Wu Xi. Generally speaking, Xuan Fushi system, as the important local political system, have great influence on the history and are recognized and inherited by Yuan, Ming Qing Dynasty.
[中文刊名]:哲学与人文科学辑 [发表时间]:2009-06-01 [第一导师]:汪圣铎 [主题]:宋朝宣抚使制度研究
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