作者：苏金花

出版单位：中国社会科学院研究生院

中文关键词：唐五代;敦煌;绿洲农业;生态

英文关键词：Tang and Five Dynasties,Dunhuang,oasis agriculture,ecology

中文摘要：绿洲农业是绿洲地区由蒙昧走向文明的标志。敦煌农业是典型的绿洲农业，属于西部绿洲生态体系。本文主要依据敦煌文献及传世典籍，从农业资源的开发和配置以及农业生产活动两方面，探讨唐五代敦煌绿洲农业发展的特点以及绿洲农业生产活动与绿洲生态环境之间的互动关系。 农业资源主要从水利资源、土地资源、劳动力资源等方面进行分析。水资源是绿洲农业发展的关键，沙漠地区水源支配一切，水利的进退直接影响农业生产的兴衰。发达的灌溉网络，科学合理的用水方法，严格完善的管理制度构成了唐五代敦煌地区水力资源开发利用的重要特征，为敦煌绿洲农业的生存和发展提供必要的条件。土地是农业生产的基础，唐代敦煌地区土地资源主要的利用类型为耕地、草地以及林地并用，其土地占有形式反映出了整个封建社会土地制度特点，表现为世族大地产和自耕农小土地所有制并存，寺院地产作为普通地主私有制结构的代表介于两者之间。唐五代敦煌地区劳动力资源较为充裕，但地区人口性别结构失调，直接影响到农业生产分工和效率，以及劳动力的再生产。大量附属性劳动力，反映了这一时期生产关系落后的一面。多民族多种生产方式的相互融合，逐步形成了唐五代敦煌地区农牧并重的农业传统和生产结构。 农业生产活动主要以种植业、畜牧业为主。种植业生产实行粮食作物为主兼营经济作物和饲料作物的多元结构，不仅生产大量人口消费粮食，而且为畜牧业提供了营养价值极高的饲料。从生产工具和种植方式等方面来看，具有较高技术水平，亩产平均为一石五斗左右。畜牧业是唐代敦煌农业生产的另一重要的生产方式。官府、百姓及寺院都普遍经营畜牧业。官牧马主要为军事、邮驿交通需要服务。牧羊业主要是为满足日常生活中对乳肉品及皮革制品的偏好。畜牧业实行放养和圈养相结合的形式，具有较高的经济效益和生态意义。 唐五代敦煌绿洲农业以灌溉为主、农牧并重，具有中国传统农业“多元交汇”的特点。其发展主要受民族关系、国家政权以及佛教等因素的影响较大。其生态环境发展既有合理科学的因素，又有不利的因素，基本保持正常的运行状态。

英文摘要：Oasis agriculture is indicative of moving from barbarism towards civilization of the oasis areas. Dunhuang agriculture, which belongs to the oasis ecological system of western China, is the typical oasis agriculture. This thesis, based on the Dunhuang inscriptions and historical documents, aims to investigate the characteristics of Dunhuang agricultural development and the interaction between oasis agricultural production and the oasis ecological system during Tang and Five Dynasties, from such two respects as exploitation and distribution of agricultural resources and production.Agricultural resources are referred to water, soil, and labor. Water resource in desert, controlling everything, is the key to the development of oasis agriculture. The facility of water conservancy has considerable influence on the rise and fall of oasis agricultural production. The advanced irrigation web, the scientific and reasonable use of water, and the strict and perfect administration were the most striking characteristics of the utilization of water resource in Dunhuang area during Tang and Five Dynasties. It supplied the necessary condition for the existence and development of the oasis agriculture in this area. Soil is the basis for agriculture, and the utilization of soil resource in Dunhuang area was a mixed used of agrarian land, grassland, and woodland. The possession of land indicated the feudal land institution, which was represented by the co-existence of grand landlords, land-holding peasants, and the temples holding lots of land. The labor resource in Dunhuang area during Tang and Five Dynasties was not inadequate. But the non-balanced proportion of male and female directly influenced the division and efficiency of agricultural production, and the reproduction of laborers. The existence of great amount of dependent laborers revealed the undeveloped aspects of the production relations. The mixture of multi-nations and distinct models of production formed the agricultural tradition and production structure in Dunhuang areaAgricultural production mainly included planting and livestock farming. The multi-structure of planting provided not only plenty of foods, also nutritious forage for livestock. Judged from the instruments and planting ways, the production level was relatively high, and the average production of each mu was 1.5 dan. Livestock fanning was another important means of agriculture in Dunhuang area. It was quite common for the government, the common people, and the temples to have livestock farming. Horsing under the charge of government was for military and transportation services. Sheep raising was for the need of milk, meat, and leather in everyday life. Livestock were usually raised both on grassland and in sties. It was of high economic efficiency and important ecological meaning.The oasis agriculture in Dunhuang area during Tang and Five Dynasties has the characteristics of the Chinese traditional agriculture. Its development was mainly effected by the nation relationship, the state administration, and Buddhism. The development of ecological environment is of both reasonable and negative factors, but it worked smoothly in the whole.

[中文刊名]：社会科学Ⅰ辑(经济政治与法律) [发表时间]：2002-04-01 [第一导师]：李根蟠 [主题]：唐五代敦煌绿洲农业研究

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