作者：杜钢

出版单位：华东师范大学

中文关键词：佛教;;佛教教育;;净土宗;;净土宗教育

英文关键词：Buddhism;; Buddhism education;; Pure land fraction;; Pure land fraction education

中文摘要：中国传统教育的主体架构体系乃是由儒家(儒教)教育、道家(道教)教育与佛教教育所建构而成的。其中,儒家教育占据着主导地位,道家教育与佛教教育则为其辅弼,三者相辅相成,彼此之间互有影响和融通。中国佛教宗派纷呈,学说庞杂,由此,中国佛教教育的体系和范畴也便显得异常丰富多彩。净土宗教育乃是中国佛教教育的一大主流宗派教育形式,它在整个中国佛教教育领域中占据着主导性和基础性地位。中国佛教净土宗教育起源于古印度原始佛教时期,其真正开端则始自于东晋慧远法师时代。在此后长达1600余年的时间里,中国佛教净土宗教育先后经历了隋唐五代时期的正式确立与兴盛,宋元时期的由盛入衰,明清时期的复兴与继续发展与民国现代时期的全面振兴等一系列跌宕起伏的发展历程。在这一漫长艰辛而又曲折变幻的发展历程中,中国佛教净土宗教育也逐渐形成了以“净土五经一论”为主体的根本经典体系,并涌现出了以净土宗十三代祖师和诸多在家居士大德为核心的一大批代表性人物。与此同时,中国佛教净土宗教育也逐渐形成了较为成熟和完善的寺院教育与居士教育体系和模式,并对佛教其他宗派教育产生了深广影响。净土宗教育之所以能够成为中国佛教教育的主导性和基础性组成部分,这与其独具特色的教育宗旨、内容与修学方法存在着密切的关联。净土宗的核心教育宗旨即是往生,其教育内容的主要表现形式则是“净业三福”,而其修学方法的纲宗则为“信、愿、行三资粮”。与佛教其他宗派法门相比较而言,净土宗教育在宗旨、内容与修学方法等方面更显简洁明快、圆融稳妥、易于成就,因而也就得到了多数佛教信众的信受奉行。寺院教育与居士教育是中国佛教净土宗教育的两大组成模式。庐山东林寺与苏州灵岩山寺是净土宗寺院教育的典型代表,透过对它们寺院教育的传统与现实所进行的历史探究与实地考察,我们不难发现,净土宗寺院教育最为重要的历史传统即为“集众念佛,专修净土”,而将丛林熏修与学院教育有机融通则已成为当今净土宗寺院教育应时变革的一种典型范式,此外,借助于互联网等现代科技手段和途径开展形式多样的寺院教育活动,以促使净土宗寺院教育更好地实现其“立足寺院,融通社会”的发展目标,也已成为当今净土宗寺院教育发展的一个鲜明特色。社会精英阶层与平民百姓阶层分别构成了净土宗居士教育对象群体的核心性与主体性组成部分,而净土宗居士教育的组织形式则主要表现为结社、组会与创办居士林等几种。此外,对象群体的年轻化与知识化、手段与途径的多样化与科技化以及冲击与挑战的日趋强劲则将成为未来社会净土宗居士教育发展的一些主要趋势和特征。净土宗教育与佛教其他各宗派教育之间既存在着共同性,也存在着差异性。净土宗教育对佛教其他宗派教育的发展产生了深广影响,而禅净、教净、律净合流,同归净土则是这一影响的显著表征。

英文摘要： The Chinese traditional education system is mainly composed of Confucianists education, Taoist education and Buddhism education. Confucianists education played a leading role in the system, the other two educations played auxiliary roles, at the same time, they influenced and permeated each other. China's Buddhism has a lot of sects, Pure land faction is a main faction of them, so its education has occupied the dominant and basic position in Buddhism education field. Although Chinese Buddhism Pure land faction's education was born of primitive Buddhism in ancient India, it's true start in china was by Huiyuan monk during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After then, Chinese Buddhism Pure land faction's education has experienced a more than 1600 years' bold and unconstrained developmental course. It has not only taken shape itself's key scriptures and representative masters during the long and winding course, but also created mature modes of temple and lay Buddhist education, and influenced other Buddhism factions' education profoundly at the same time. Pure land faction's key educational aim is being born to the Land of Ultimate Bliss and its main educational contents are "three kinds good fortune of pure retribution" and it's practicing ways' guiding principles are "confidence, vow and recite Amitabha's name". Compared with other Buddhism factions, the educational aims, contents and practicing ways of Pure land faction's education are more simple and easy, so it is applied by major Chinese Buddhists. Temple and lay Buddhist education are the two main modes of Chinese Buddhism Pure land faction's education. We have clearly founded that "calling a lot of Buddhists to recite Amitabha's name and specialize in Pure land method" and "making Buddhist monastery's pratise combine with Buddhist college education" and "pushing temple education to not only base on itself but also permeat with society" are the main historical tradition and distinctive morden characters of Chinese Buddhism Pure land faction's education after having studied and investigated the two representative temples of Lushan Donglin and Suzhou Lingyanshan. The educational objects of Pure land faction's lay Buddhist education are mainly formed by two kinds of persons, one are the members of the upper strata and the other are the members of low strata, the former is the key component part and the latter is the main component part of lay Buddhists of Pure land faction. The educational organizations of Pure land faction's lay Buddhist education are mainly composed by three forms, they are forming associations, organizing groups and creating lay Buddhist organiazations and so on. The developmental trends and characters of Pure land faction's lay Buddhist education are mainly reflected by the three followings, the first is that lay Buddhists are becoming more and more young and intellective, the second is that means are becoming more and more diverse and scientific, the third is challenges are becoming more and more strong and intense. There has both generalities and differences between Pure land faction education and other Buddhism factions education. Pure land faction education has a great influence upon other Buddhism factions education, the most obvious expression of such influence is all the latters turn to the former.

[中文刊名]：哲学与人文科学辑 [发表时间]：2007-07-01 [第一导师]：丁钢 [主题]：中国佛教净土宗教育研究

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