作者：黄阳兴

出版单位：复旦大学

中文关键词：咒语;;图像;;法术;;文学

英文关键词：Dhārani;;Image;;Magic;;Literature

中文摘要：本论文致力于阐释佛教中以念诵真言陀罗尼咒为特征的密教与中晚唐文学之间的交涉。盛中唐时代密宗的崛起与兴盛推动了密教在唐帝国的传播,对中晚唐时代的宗教、艺术和文学都产生了十分深刻的影响。中晚唐文学领域的诸多创作都受到密教的影响,尤其是神怪小说方面,保存了大量密教咒语、法术的故事记载。密教传法的显著特征即通过咒语、图像和各类仪轨进行,因此本论文以此为题来展开叙述。首先,探讨盛唐至晚唐时代士大夫与密教之间的交涉,从盛唐王公士庶的尊仰到中唐阙庭百僚竞相传持密印,再到晚唐与士族阶层的疏远,两者之间的交涉也经历了从兴起、鼎盛然后衰微的历史演变。其次,阐述密教图像、咒语与中晚唐诗歌之间的关系,突破前辈藩篱,结合密宗历史与艺术,梳理韩愈诗歌,证实密宗意象在韩愈诗歌中的表现,并进一步指出中唐韩孟诗派险怪诗风的审美与密宗狂怪、丑恶的形象在美学上极吻合,也可看出时代审美趣味、诗歌创作的意象与宗教之间的某种渊源。再次,考察密教仪轨、咒语、法术与中晚唐小说的关系,它是本论文最核心的部分之一。通过分析《广异记》、《纪闻》、《玄怪录》、《通幽记》、《酉阳杂俎》、《传奇》、《仙传拾遗》等诸多中晚唐重要小说集中的密教故事,说明密教咒语法术小说是中晚唐神怪文学的重要代表,其类型可以包括密宗与道家斗法、密僧祈雨与降蛇、密咒驱鬼治病、役使鬼神、预测祸福等等。密宗与剑侠小说的讨论其实是小说篇的延续,笔者通过考察得出,剑侠小说是佛道两教腾空飞行、变化与丹药各类法术共同推进的结果,密宗成就剑法在其中也扮演了某种推动角色。最后,本论文将通过三个篇章的个案研究来阐释密教信仰与中晚唐文学艺术之关系,分别以流行的密教信仰——尊胜陀罗尼经幢、千手眼观音和毗沙门天王为中心,重在探讨信仰的缘起,叙述各自的绘画和造像艺术,最后综合探究其在中晚唐文学中的体现及其对文学创作的推动。通过本论文的阐释可知,密教的兴盛与传播对中晚唐文学产生了广泛而深刻的影响,中唐诗歌险怪一路的风格很可能渊源自密教艺术的传播,咒语与法术事实上它也是中国神怪小说书写的重要组成部分,如毗沙门天王及其二太子独健、三太子哪吒等人物最终演变成为《封神榜》和《西游记》等小说中的精彩角色。总之,在中晚唐的文艺世界中,密教图像、咒语与法术的渗透促进了文学的变革与繁荣。

英文摘要： This dissertation probes into relationship between the Soteric Buddhism which is presented by Mantra Dharani and the literature in the Mid and Late Tang Dynasty.The rise of Esoteric school and its prosperity in the climax of Tang Dynasty helped spread the Esoteric Buddhism in the empire,also,it had great influence on the religion,art and literature of the Mid and Late Tang.In the literary field of the Mid and Late Tang,many creative works were influenced by the Esoteric Buddhism,especially the fictions on deities and monsters.They had large amount of Dharani and magic stories of Esoteric Buddhism.The distinctive characteristic of Esoteric Buddhism' s prevalence were to be promoted by the Abracadabra,images and different sorts of ritual.The following eight chapters will elaborate this respectively.First of all,the dissertation tries to find out the interaction between the scholar-bureaucrats and Esoteric Buddhism in the Mid and Late Tang.From the scholar-bureaucrats' s admiration in the climax of Tang Dynasty,to the worship of the Esoteric Buddhism among scholar-bureaucrats in the Mid Tang,then to the stragement in the Late Tang,the relationship has historically gone through the process of rising, prosperity and fading.Secondly,we can find out some relationships among the literary taste of the age,the mood of the poem and religions by explaining the co-relation among Soteric Buddhist images,Dharani,and poetry of the Mid and Late Tang,which will depict how the image of Esoteric Buddhism was used in Han Yu's poems by analyzing them through a historicalaesthetics review of and points out that the taste of Han & Meng School is commensurate with the monsters and frightening images in Esoteric Buddhism,instead of following the previous studies.Also,the dissertation focus on the relationship between of ritual, Abracadabra,magic Esoteric Buddhism and fiction is one of the core parts of the paper.By analyzing the stories about Esoteric Buddhism in many important fictions in the Mid and Late Tang,such as Guang Yi Ji(广异记),Ji Wen(纪闻),Xuan Guai Lu(玄怪录),Tong You Ji(通幽记),You Yang Za Zu(酉阳杂俎),Chuan Qi(传奇),Xian Zhuan Ski Yi(仙传拾遗) and so on, the dissertation argue that the fictions about dharaoi and magic of Esoteric Buddhism are important representative works on deities and monsters in the Mid and Late Tang,whose themes include the magic struggle between Esoteric Buddhism and Daoism,the pray for rain by the monastics of Esoteric Buddhism and the imprisonment of the snakes,cury of sickness and driving deities and monsters by the dharaoi,forture telling and so on.Actually,the discussion about the Esoteric school and fiction about Swordsmen is the extension of the reseach on Esoteric Buddhism and fiction. From my study,fiction about Swordsmen originated magic fligt, transformation,medicine and others kinds of magic in Buddhism and Daoism, also,the Esoteric school's sword plays some kind of promotional role.Finally,this dissertation explains the co-relation between the Esoteric Buddhism and literature,art in the Mid and Late Tang by the cases in the last four chapters,in which Usnisa-vijaya-Dharani,the Thousand-Armed Avalokitesvara and Vaisravana are the main focus.This dissertation will place more emphasis on the origin of Buddhism and the description of painting and scripture,and finally find out how they are embodied in the literature of the Mid and Late Tang and how they accelerated the literature creation.In conclusion,it is reasonable to believe that that the prosperity and prevalence of Esoteric Buddhism had great influence on the literature of the Mid and Late Tang.Maybe the style of the poetry in the Mid Tang are originated from the spread of the art of Esoteric Buddhism.Actually, Abracadabra and magic are important parts of Chinese Novel on deities and monsters.For example,Vaisravana,his second son DuJian(独健)and his third son Nalakuvara finally become important characters in the The Legend of Deification(封神榜)and Record of a Journey to the West(西游记)。All in all,the pervasion of images,Dharani and magics of Esoteric Buddhism has promoted the revolution and flourish of literature in the literary area of Mid and Late Tang.

[中文刊名]：哲学与人文科学辑 [发表时间]：2008-04-10 [第一导师]：陈尚君 [主题]：咒语、图象与法术

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